Tom Kha Gai Recipe (ต้มข่าไก่) - A Tutorial for Beginners

I'd waited two years to introduce Tom Kha Gai (ต้มข่าไก่), one of the most loved Thai dishes of all time, on this blog because -- and this probably won't make a lot of sense -- I've loved it so much and for so long that I didn't know how to write about it. I still don't. And while some dishes, e.g. Pad Thai (which is even more popular), have been left out mainly due to apathy, this one had been put on hold solely due to fear.

Tom Kha Gai isn't just any dish; it's one of my top five most favorite dishes in the world, Thai or otherwise. At a risk of taking anthropomorphism of food a bit too far, I felt that if I let myself write about Tom Kha Gai with the kind of unbridled affection from the depth of my bowels, I'd bore -- or scare -- you. Yet, if I held back, I'd be remiss for not giving the dish the love it deserves.

Therefore, I've decided to be very factual and emotionless about it. I'll even write in bullet points. If the deep affection doesn't come through or if coherence is painfully absent, at least you get (hopefully) helpful facts.

Sliced paper thin, tender galangal tips provide crunch and herbal aroma to this dish.

Tom Kha Gai is a soup made of chicken (Gai) cooked (Tom) in coconut milk which has been infused with galangal (Kha), lemongrass, and kaffir lime leaves.

Tom Kha Gai is sometimes spelled Tom Kha Kai. It's also correct. In fact, the Thai government prefers you do so. Outside my blog, I would go with the Kai spelling. But here? Nah.

Tom Kha Gai is seasoned primarily with lime juice and fish sauce. Palm or coconut sugar is not necessary as the natural sweetness of coconut is enough for me. In fact, I find cloyingly sweet Tom Kha Gai kind of disgusting, though not as vile as Tom Kha Gai seasoned with lemon juice or vinegar.

Since the purpose at hand is infusion, the entire lemongrass stalk, even the fibrous part, can be used.

In our household when I was growing up, Tom Kha Gai was made with bone-in, skin-on pieces of chicken that have been simmered in herb-infused liquid until tender. Coconut cream (the "head" of coconut milk or หัวกะทิ) would be added toward the end along with fresh bird's eye chilies and fresh cilantro. The broth isn't so thick and creamy, yet it is very flavorful due to the chicken bones. Some street vendors also throw chicken innards, feet, and congealed blood into the mix.

Rarely would you find that kind of Tom Kha Gai at a Thai restaurant overseas. Most of the time, you'll get thick and creamy coconut broth with friendly boneless, skinless chicken breast cut into bite-sized pieces. Nothing wrong with that. In fact, that's the version I'm presenting here. You just have to employ a different cooking method to make up for the loss of savoriness in the broth.

Part of your mise en place: smashed lemongrass, torn kaffir lime leaves, sliced galangal, smashed chilies

Some restaurants have taken to adding roasted chili oil or sometimes Nam Prik Pao (Thai chili jam) to Tom Kha Gai just as they do to Tom Yam. It's a bit strange to my eye and tongue, and I don't recall ever seeing it made that way in Thailand growing up or even now.

Tom Kha Gai is always relegated to the "soup" category in cookbooks and on restaurant menus. The annoying, hair-splitting, philosophical question to ask here is, is everything broth-y a 'soup'? Is the "soup" designation based on its appearance or the way in which it is served and consumed? You decide. The fact is that Tom Kha Gai, like most Thai dishes -- soupy or not -- are almost always served with rice as an entrée, as part of the whole meal ensemble and not as a stand-alone. [That little bowl of Tom Yam or Tom Kha Gai which your local Thai restaurant serves you with a couple of mini spring rolls as part of your lunch special is a westernized practice.]

How do I eat Tom Kha Gai? (I narcissistically assume you care to find out.) This freaks out pretty much every American friend who has dined with me at various Thai restaurants in the US: I usually order a serving of Tom Kha Gai from the dinner menu which usually comes with rice, dump the rice into the Tom Kha Gai bowl, give it a stir, and eat it like that. Grandma wouldn't have approved, but hey.

Straw mushroom is my favorite, but oyster (or white button) works too. Anything but shiitake!

The recipe which I'm sharing with you is a compromise between the old-fashioned kind of Tom Kha Gai (with bone-in and skin-on hunks of chicken and gnarly, curling chicken feet flailing about in the pot) and the kind made by dissolving some bottled Tom Kha paste in coconut milk. If you don't like bones in your soup, don't feel guilty. Likewise, if you absolutely cannot find fresh galangal (without which Tom Kha isn't Tom Kha), fresh lemongrass, and fresh kaffir lime leaves, don't feel bad about using the paste. It's still better than using dried galangal, dried lemongrass, and dried kaffir lime leaves which, from my experience, yields probably the most disgusting Tom Kha Gai -- if you can even call it that -- I've ever had any time anywhere. Broth infused with the dried version of those herbs tastes like really bad herbal medicine.

The problem with boneless, skinless chicken breast meat is that it's susceptible to being overcooked. You could season your broth to perfection, but if your chicken is tough and rubbery, that takes the joy out of the whole experience. Boneless, skinless chicken thighs are much better, if you ask me. But if you use boneless, skinless chicken breasts, be sure to slice the meat against the grain (though, as you can see from the pictures, I broke my own rule ...) and cook it very, very gently as if you're poaching the chicken meat. Chef Michael Pardus shows you how to poach shrimp the right way in the video below, but the concept applies to boneless, skinless, bite-sized pieces of chicken breast meat as well.

Start off by infusing the coconut milk-chicken stock mixture with the fresh herbs. Get the temperature of the liquid to the level ideal for poaching, then add the chicken breast meat last. If we had gone with the old-fashioned Tom Kha Gai, I would have suggested you use the same method explained in my Old-Fashioned Tom Yam post. But since we're using bite-sized pieces of boneless, skinless chicken breast meat, we need to slightly alter the cooking method by adding the chicken meat to the liquid last and cooking it very, very gently.

There's very little flavor in boneless, skinless chicken breast meat to impart to the broth (that's why people don't make chicken stock out of boneless, skinless chicken breasts). The concentrated chicken stock and the fish sauce serve as the primary flavor boosters in this light-weight version of Tom Kha Gai. Neither is optional.

Tom Kha with oyster mushrooms (the best vegetarian option, in my opinion) with added Nam Prik Pao

Can Tom Kha Gai be made vegetarian? Here are my thoughts:
Named as such, the dish has meat -- chicken, to be precise -- in it by definition which implies that it is not meant to be vegetarian. For those who abstain from meat, you can use tofu or, as I have done from time to time during my detox phases, assorted wild mushrooms which are very meaty and delicious. A friend of mine loves sliced cabbage (regular or savoy) in lieu of the gai in her Tom Kha Gai. My grandmother sometimes threw in hearts of palm, hearts of coconut, or sliced banana blossoms into the mix. None of this is traditional; yet all of these meat substitutes are delicious. I don't like green leafy vegetables in Tom Kha, though. In fact, anything in the cruciferous family, except for green cabbage, tastes pretty bad to me when cooked this way. But that's just an opinion.

Regardless, when gai is omitted, you can't call it "Tom Kha Gai" just as you wouldn't say "vegetarian barbecued pork." Tom Kha Hed (mushroom), Tom Kha Tao-Hu (tofu), or Tom Kha Ga Lam Pli (cabbage) -- whichever applies -- would be more appropriate.

Oh, and don't forget to boost the flavor by using very concentrated vegetable stock and seasoning the broth with salt instead of fish sauce for the use of soy sauce would be a surest way to kill this lovely dish.

Though anemic-looking, this coconut-y broth packs in lots of flavor from concentrated chicken stock

To make 4 generous servings of Tom Kha Gai:
Printable Version

Take 24 fluid ounces of chicken stock (preferably with no salt added) and reduce it in a wide and shallow saucepan (to ensure fast evaporation) until the liquid measures 12 fluid ounces. [If you have access to very, very good chicken bouillon granules which are not all about salt and very little flavor, by all means, dilute double the amount you normally use in 12 fluid ounces of plain water and use that in place of the concentrated chicken stock.].

Slice 1.5 lbs of boneless, skinless chicken breasts (or thighs) across the grain into bite-sized pieces; set aside.

Clean and cut about 12 ounces of (if necessary) straw mushrooms (canned or fresh) into bite-sized pieces; set aside. [You can also use white button, cremini, and oyster mushrooms. Any meaty, mild-flavored mushrooms will do. Portobello mushrooms are fine flavor- and texture-wise, but even with the gills carefully scraped off they still turn the broth into an unappetizing shade of gray. Do not use shiitake; the flavor is way too strong for this. Also, I would never use any kind of dried mushrooms which will change the flavor profile of this dish quite drastically, and not in a good way.]

Cut one whole stalk of lemongrass into 1-inch pieces and smash them with the side of a large Chinese cleaver, a pestle, or any heavy object lying around in the house; set aside.

Do to 5-6 (depending on your heat tolerance) fresh bird's eye chilies what you just did to the lemongrass; set aside.

Take 4-5 fresh kaffir lime leaves, remove the stems and the tough veins that run through the middle, and tear up the leaves into small pieces. You can also bruise them a little. Set aside.

Take a hunk of fresh galangal and target the tender tips which are milder and sweeter in flavor and less fibrous. Slice up about 1/4 cup of those tender parts. [Unlike kaffir lime leaves and lemongrass stalks, you can eat paper-thin slices of young galangal. If your galangal is mature and fibrous, use only 5-6 slices. Anything more than that would be too strong.]

Get a bottle of good fish sauce and some fresh lime juice ready.

Get a handful of fresh cilantro leaves ready.

Put 12 fluid ounce (one can) of good coconut milk into a pot, followed by concentrated chicken stock, kaffir lime leaves, lemongrass pieces, and galangal slices.

Bring the mixture slowly to about between 160° and 180°F (slightly below a simmer) and let the herbs infuse the liquid for about 10 minutes.

Keeping the temperature steady, add the mushrooms and the chicken to the liquid; adjust the heat to maintain the temperature. The liquid should never at any point come to a rapid boil. Don't worry; at 160°-180°F, your chicken will be thoroughly cooked.

Stir gently to ensure that the chicken is evenly cooked.

Once the chicken is cooked through, throw in the smashed chilies and remove the pot from heat immediately.

Season to taste with fish sauce and lime juice.

Garnish your Tom Kha Gai with fresh cilantro leaves and serve it with steamed jasmine rice as an entree.

Anger Burger makes Tom Kha Gai and Nam Prik Pao grilled cheese sandwich.